Amaliy loyiha - xarajatlar daftari - Visual Basic

Endi barcha bo'limlarni birlashtiramiz. Yozadigan dasturimiz - xarajatlar daftari: u xarajatlarni yozadi, toifalar bo'yicha hisobot beradi va ma'lumotni faylga saqlaydi.

Dasturni bosqichma-bosqich quramiz va har bir bosqichni ishga tushirib ko'ramiz.

1-bosqich: toifalar va model #

Avval ma'lumot shaklini belgilaymiz. Bu ta'riflar butun bob davomida ishlatiladi:

Public Enum Toifa
    Oziq
    Transport
    Kommunal
    Kiyim
    Boshqa
End Enum

Public Class Xarajat
    Public Property Tavsif As String
    Public Property Summa As Decimal
    Public Property Toifasi As Toifa
    Public Property Sana As Date

    Public Sub New()
    End Sub

    Public Sub New(tavsif As String, summa As Decimal,
                   toifasi As Toifa, sana As Date)
        Me.Tavsif = tavsif
        Me.Summa = summa
        Me.Toifasi = toifasi
        Me.Sana = sana
    End Sub

    Public Overrides Function ToString() As String
        Return $"{Sana:yyyy-MM-dd}  {Tavsif.PadRight(18)}" &
               $"{Toifasi.ToString().PadRight(11)}{Summa,12:N0}"
    End Function
End Class

Sinab ko'ramiz:

Module Dastur
    Sub Main()
        Dim x As New Xarajat("Non va sut", 45000D, Toifa.Oziq,
                             New Date(2026, 9, 1))
        Console.WriteLine(x)
    End Sub
End Module

Natija

2026-09-01  Non va sut        Oziq             45,000

Diqqat qiling:

Public Sub New() - parametrsiz konstruktor JSON uchun kerak.
{Summa,12:N0} - o'ngga tekislab, minglik ajratgich bilan.
Toifasi.ToString() - 13-bo'limdagi qoida: Enum nomi uchun ToString shart.

2-bosqich: daftar sinfi #

Endi xarajatlarni saqlaydigan va qoidalarni tekshiradigan sinf kerak. U ham keyingi misollarda ishlatiladi:

Public Class NotogriSummaException
    Inherits Exception

    Public Sub New(summa As Decimal)
        MyBase.New($"Summa musbat bo'lishi kerak, berilgani: {summa}")
    End Sub
End Class

Public Class Daftar
    Private ReadOnly _xarajatlar As New List(Of Xarajat)

    Public ReadOnly Property Soni As Integer
        Get
            Return _xarajatlar.Count
        End Get
    End Property

    Public Sub Qoshish(x As Xarajat)
        If x Is Nothing Then
            Throw New ArgumentNullException(NameOf(x))
        End If
        If x.Summa <= 0 Then
            Throw New NotogriSummaException(x.Summa)
        End If
        _xarajatlar.Add(x)
    End Sub

    Public Function Hammasi() As List(Of Xarajat)
        Return New List(Of Xarajat)(_xarajatlar)
    End Function

    Public Function Jami() As Decimal
        Return _xarajatlar.Sum(Function(x) x.Summa)
    End Function

    Public Function ToifaBoyicha(t As Toifa) As List(Of Xarajat)
        Return (From x In _xarajatlar
                Where x.Toifasi = t
                Order By x.Sana
                Select x).ToList()
    End Function
End Class

Endi uni sinab ko'ramiz:

Module Dastur
    Sub Main()
        Dim d As New Daftar()

        d.Qoshish(New Xarajat("Non va sut", 45000D, Toifa.Oziq,
                              New Date(2026, 9, 1)))
        d.Qoshish(New Xarajat("Metro", 8000D, Toifa.Transport,
                              New Date(2026, 9, 2)))
        d.Qoshish(New Xarajat("Go'sht", 120000D, Toifa.Oziq,
                              New Date(2026, 9, 3)))

        Console.WriteLine($"Yozuvlar: {d.Soni}")
        Console.WriteLine($"Jami: {d.Jami():N0} so'm")

        Try
            d.Qoshish(New Xarajat("Xato", -500D, Toifa.Boshqa, Date.Today))
        Catch ex As NotogriSummaException
            Console.WriteLine($"Rad etildi: {ex.Message}")
        End Try
    End Sub
End Module

Natija

Yozuvlar: 3
Jami: 173,000 so'm
Rad etildi: Summa musbat bo'lishi kerak, berilgani: -500

Hammasi() ichki ro'yxatning nusxasini qaytaradi. Aks holda tashqaridan d.Hammasi().Clear() deb yozib, daftarni buzib qo'yish mumkin edi.

3-bosqich: hisobot #

Module Hisobotlar
    Public Function ToifalarHisoboti(d As Daftar) As String
        Dim jami As Decimal = d.Jami()
        If jami = 0 Then
            Return "Ma'lumot yo'q"
        End If

        Dim qatorlar = From x In d.Hammasi()
                       Group x By Kalit = x.Toifasi Into Guruh = Group
                       Select Toifasi = Kalit,
                              Summa = Guruh.Sum(Function(y) y.Summa),
                              Soni = Guruh.Count()
                       Order By Summa Descending

        Dim quruvchi As New System.Text.StringBuilder()
        quruvchi.AppendLine("TOIFA          SONI        SUMMA   ULUSH")
        quruvchi.AppendLine(New String("-"c, 44))

        For Each q In qatorlar
            Dim ulush As Decimal = q.Summa / jami
            quruvchi.AppendLine(
                $"{q.Toifasi.ToString().PadRight(13)}{q.Soni,5}" &
                $"{q.Summa,13:N0}{ulush,8:P0}")
        Next

        quruvchi.AppendLine(New String("-"c, 44))
        quruvchi.Append($"{"JAMI".PadRight(13)}{d.Soni,5}{jami,13:N0}")
        Return quruvchi.ToString()
    End Function
End Module

Module Dastur
    Sub Main()
        Dim d As New Daftar()
        d.Qoshish(New Xarajat("Non va sut", 45000D, Toifa.Oziq,
                              New Date(2026, 9, 1)))
        d.Qoshish(New Xarajat("Metro", 8000D, Toifa.Transport,
                              New Date(2026, 9, 2)))
        d.Qoshish(New Xarajat("Go'sht", 120000D, Toifa.Oziq,
                              New Date(2026, 9, 3)))
        d.Qoshish(New Xarajat("Svet puli", 90000D, Toifa.Kommunal,
                              New Date(2026, 9, 5)))

        Console.WriteLine(ToifalarHisoboti(d))
    End Sub
End Module

Natija

TOIFA          SONI        SUMMA   ULUSH
--------------------------------------------
Oziq             2      165,000     63%
Kommunal         1       90,000     34%
Transport        1        8,000      3%
--------------------------------------------
JAMI             4      263,000

Bu yerda Group By, Order By, Sum, Count, StringBuilder va format qoidalari birgalikda ishladi.

4-bosqich: faylga saqlash #

Imports System.IO
Imports System.Text.Json

Module Saqlagich
    Private ReadOnly Sozlama As New JsonSerializerOptions With {
        .WriteIndented = True
    }

    Public Sub Saqlash(d As Daftar, yol As String)
        File.WriteAllText(yol, JsonSerializer.Serialize(d.Hammasi(), Sozlama))
    End Sub

    Public Function Yuklash(yol As String) As Daftar
        Dim d As New Daftar()

        If Not File.Exists(yol) Then
            Return d
        End If

        Try
            Dim royxat = JsonSerializer.Deserialize(Of List(Of Xarajat))(
                File.ReadAllText(yol))

            For Each x As Xarajat In If(royxat, New List(Of Xarajat))
                d.Qoshish(x)
            Next
        Catch ex As JsonException
            Console.WriteLine("Fayl buzilgan, bo'sh daftar ochildi")
        End Try

        Return d
    End Function
End Module

Module Dastur
    Sub Main()
        Dim yol As String = "xarajatlar.json"

        Dim d As New Daftar()
        d.Qoshish(New Xarajat("Non va sut", 45000D, Toifa.Oziq,
                              New Date(2026, 9, 1)))
        d.Qoshish(New Xarajat("Metro", 8000D, Toifa.Transport,
                              New Date(2026, 9, 2)))

        Saqlash(d, yol)
        Console.WriteLine($"Saqlandi: {d.Soni} ta yozuv")

        Dim qayta As Daftar = Yuklash(yol)
        Console.WriteLine($"Yuklandi: {qayta.Soni} ta yozuv")
        Console.WriteLine($"Jami: {qayta.Jami():N0}")

        File.WriteAllText(yol, "bu JSON emas")
        Dim buzuq As Daftar = Yuklash(yol)
        Console.WriteLine($"Buzuq fayldan keyin: {buzuq.Soni} ta yozuv")

        File.Delete(yol)
    End Sub
End Module

Natija

Saqlandi: 2 ta yozuv
Yuklandi: 2 ta yozuv
Jami: 53,000
Fayl buzilgan, bo'sh daftar ochildi
Buzuq fayldan keyin: 0 ta yozuv

Diqqat: buzuq fayl dasturni to'xtatmadi. Bu yaxshi dasturning belgisi - kutilmagan ma'lumot kelsa ham, u ishlashda davom etadi.

5-bosqich: qidiruv va filtr #

Module Dastur
    Sub Main()
        Dim d As New Daftar()
        d.Qoshish(New Xarajat("Non va sut", 45000D, Toifa.Oziq,
                              New Date(2026, 9, 1)))
        d.Qoshish(New Xarajat("Metro", 8000D, Toifa.Transport,
                              New Date(2026, 9, 2)))
        d.Qoshish(New Xarajat("Go'sht", 120000D, Toifa.Oziq,
                              New Date(2026, 9, 3)))
        d.Qoshish(New Xarajat("Taksi", 35000D, Toifa.Transport,
                              New Date(2026, 9, 4)))

        Console.WriteLine("-- Oziq toifasi --")
        For Each x As Xarajat In d.ToifaBoyicha(Toifa.Oziq)
            Console.WriteLine(x)
        Next

        Console.WriteLine("-- 30 mingdan qimmat --")
        Dim qimmat = d.Hammasi().
            Where(Function(x) x.Summa > 30000D).
            OrderByDescending(Function(x) x.Summa)

        For Each x As Xarajat In qimmat
            Console.WriteLine($"{x.Tavsif}: {x.Summa:N0}")
        Next

        Console.WriteLine("-- Eng qimmati --")
        Dim eng = d.Hammasi().OrderByDescending(Function(x) x.Summa).First()
        Console.WriteLine($"{eng.Tavsif} - {eng.Summa:N0}")
    End Sub
End Module

Natija

-- Oziq toifasi --
2026-09-01  Non va sut        Oziq             45,000
2026-09-03  Go'sht            Oziq            120,000
-- 30 mingdan qimmat --
Go'sht: 120,000
Non va sut: 45,000
Taksi: 35,000
-- Eng qimmati --
Go'sht - 120,000

Interaktiv menyu #

Haqiqiy dasturda foydalanuvchidan ma'lumot olinadi. Bu darslikda misollar avtomatik tekshirilgani uchun menyuni ishga tushira olmaymiz, lekin uning shakli quyidagicha:

Module Dastur
    Sub Main()
        Dim yol As String = "xarajatlar.json"
        Dim d As Daftar = Yuklash(yol)

        Do
            Console.WriteLine()
            Console.WriteLine("1 - Xarajat qo'shish")
            Console.WriteLine("2 - Hammasini ko'rish")
            Console.WriteLine("3 - Hisobot")
            Console.WriteLine("0 - Chiqish")
            Console.Write("Tanlang: ")

            Dim tanlov As String = Console.ReadLine()

            Select Case tanlov
                Case "1"
                    QoshishMenyusi(d)
                Case "2"
                    For Each x As Xarajat In d.Hammasi()
                        Console.WriteLine(x)
                    Next
                Case "3"
                    Console.WriteLine(ToifalarHisoboti(d))
                Case "0"
                    Saqlash(d, yol)
                    Console.WriteLine("Saqlandi. Xayr!")
                    Exit Do
                Case Else
                    Console.WriteLine("Noto'g'ri tanlov")
            End Select
        Loop
    End Sub

    Sub QoshishMenyusi(d As Daftar)
        Console.Write("Tavsif: ")
        Dim tavsif As String = Console.ReadLine()

        Console.Write("Summa: ")
        Dim summa As Decimal
        If Not Decimal.TryParse(Console.ReadLine(), summa) Then
            Console.WriteLine("Summa noto'g'ri kiritildi")
            Exit Sub
        End If

        Try
            d.Qoshish(New Xarajat(tavsif, summa, Toifa.Boshqa, Date.Today))
            Console.WriteLine("Qo'shildi")
        Catch ex As NotogriSummaException
            Console.WriteLine(ex.Message)
        End Try
    End Sub
End Module

Foydalanuvchi kiritishini har doim tekshiring

Yuqoridagi menyuda Decimal.TryParse ishlatilgani bejiz emas.

Foydalanuvchi "salom" deb yozsa, CDec dasturni to'xtatadi. TryParse esa xato bermaydi - shunchaki False qaytaradi va siz xushmuomala xabar chiqara olasiz.

Qoida: klaviaturadan yoki fayldan kelgan har qanday ma'lumotga ishonmang.

Dastur tuzilishi #

Kichik dasturda ham mas'uliyatni ajratish odatini shakllantiring

Qaysi bo'lim qayerda ishlatildi #

Bo'lim	Loyihada
3 - Turlar	`Decimal` summa uchun, `Date` sana uchun
5 - Satrlar	`PadRight`, `N0`, `P0` formatlari
6 - Shartlar	`Select Case` menyuda
7 - Sikllar	`For Each` ro'yxatlar bo'ylab
9 - Kolleksiyalar	`List(Of Xarajat)`
10 - Protseduralar	`Qoshish`, `Jami`, `Hisobot`
11 - Sinflar	`Xarajat`, `Daftar`
13 - Enum/Module	`Toifa`, `Saqlagich`, `Hisobotlar`
14 - Xatoliklar	`NotogriSummaException`, `Try/Catch`
15 - Fayl/JSON	`Saqlash`, `Yuklash`
16 - LINQ	`Group By`, `Where`, `OrderBy`
18 - Nothing	`If(royxat, New List...)`

Amaliy topshiriq

Loyihani o'z kompyuteringizda yig'ib, ishga tushiring.
Toifa ga yangi qiymat qo'shing va hisobotni tekshiring.
Sana bo'yicha filtrlaydigan metod yozing.
Oylik o'rtacha xarajatni hisoblang.
Eng ko'p pul ketgan toifani topadigan funksiya yozing.
Xarajatni o'chirish imkonini qo'shing.
Tavsif bo'yicha qidiruv qo'shing (katta-kichik harfga qarasin).
Hisobotni matn fayliga saqlaydigan metod yozing.
Summa 0 bo'lganda nima bo'lishini tekshiring va xabarni yaxshilang.
Dasturga oylik byudjet chegarasini qo'shing: chegaradan oshsa ogohlantirsin.

Xulosa #

Katta dastur kichik qismlardan quriladi: ma'lumot (Xarajat), qoidalar (Daftar), hisobot, saqlash - har biri alohida.
Ichki ro'yxatni tashqariga berayotganda nusxa qaytaring.
JSON uchun sinfda parametrsiz konstruktor va Public Property bo'lishi shart.
Buzuq fayl yoki noto'g'ri kiritish dasturni to'xtatmasligi kerak.
Group By + Sum + Order By - hisobotning asosiy uchligi.
Foydalanuvchidan kelgan ma'lumot har doim TryParse bilan o'qiladi.

Darslik yakuni #

Tabriklaymiz - siz Visual Basic ning asoslarini o'rgandingiz:

O'zgaruvchilar, turlar va operatorlar
Shartlar, sikllar, massiv va kolleksiyalar
Protseduralar, sinflar, vorislik va interfeyslar
Xatoliklar, fayllar, JSON va LINQ
Delegatlar, generiklar va asinxron dasturlash

Keyingi qadamlar uchun uchta yo'nalish bor:

Windows dasturlari - Windows Forms bilan oyna interfeysi yasash. VB shu sohada eng qulay tillardan biri.
Veb - ASP.NET Core orqali sayt va API yozish.
C# - VB bilan bir platformada ishlaydi va bugun faolroq rivojlanmoqda. O'rgangan tushunchalaringizning deyarli hammasi o'sha yerda ham ishlaydi, faqat yozuv shakli boshqacha.

Eng muhimi - yozishni to'xtatmang. Har kuni kichik dastur yozish bir oyda katta farq qiladi.

1-bosqich: toifalar va model #

2-bosqich: daftar sinfi #

3-bosqich: hisobot #

4-bosqich: faylga saqlash #

5-bosqich: qidiruv va filtr #

Interaktiv menyu #

Dastur tuzilishi #

Qaysi bo'lim qayerda ishlatildi #

Xulosa #

Darslik yakuni #

Xatolik topdingizmi?