Yakuniy loyiha - testi yo'q loyihaga to'liq to'plam - Dasturiy ta'minotni testlash

Endi hamma narsani birlashtiramiz. Bizda kichik loyiha bor - xarajat hisobchisi - va unda bitta ham test yo'q.

Vazifa: unga ishonchli test to'plami qurish. Har qadamda oldingi bo'limlardagi qoidalarni qo'llaymiz.

Loyiha bilan tanishish #

Uchta modul: qoidalar, ombor va veb interfeys.

Python

from datetime import date

TURKUMLAR = ("oziq-ovqat", "transport", "uy", "salomatlik", "boshqa")
OYLIK_CHEGARA = 3_000_000


def xarajat_yarat(nom, summa, turkum, sana):
    """Bitta xarajat yozuvini tekshirib yaratadi."""
    if not nom or not nom.strip():
        raise ValueError("nom bo'sh bo'lishi mumkin emas")
    if summa <= 0:
        raise ValueError("summa musbat bo'lishi kerak")
    if turkum not in TURKUMLAR:
        raise ValueError(f"noma'lum turkum: {turkum}")
    if not isinstance(sana, date):
        raise TypeError("sana date turida bo'lishi kerak")
    return {"nom": nom.strip(), "summa": summa, "turkum": turkum, "sana": sana}


def oylik_jami(xarajatlar, yil, oy):
    """Berilgan oydagi xarajatlar yig'indisi."""
    return sum(
        x["summa"] for x in xarajatlar
        if x["sana"].year == yil and x["sana"].month == oy
    )


def turkum_boyicha(xarajatlar):
    """Turkumlar kesimida yig'indi; bo'sh turkumlar qaytarilmaydi."""
    natija = {}
    for xarajat in xarajatlar:
        natija[xarajat["turkum"]] = natija.get(xarajat["turkum"], 0) + xarajat["summa"]
    return natija


def ogohlantirish_darajasi(jami, chegara=OYLIK_CHEGARA):
    """Chegaraga nisbatan holat: yashil, sariq yoki qizil."""
    if chegara <= 0:
        raise ValueError("chegara musbat bo'lishi kerak")
    foiz = jami / chegara * 100
    if foiz >= 100:
        return "qizil"
    if foiz >= 70:
        return "sariq"
    return "yashil"

Python

import sqlite3
from datetime import date

SXEMA = """
CREATE TABLE xarajat (
    id     INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    nom    TEXT    NOT NULL,
    summa  INTEGER NOT NULL,
    turkum TEXT    NOT NULL,
    sana   TEXT    NOT NULL
);
"""


def ulanish_och(yol):
    ulanish = sqlite3.connect(yol)
    ulanish.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
    return ulanish


def sxemani_yarat(ulanish):
    ulanish.executescript(SXEMA)


def saqla(ulanish, xarajat):
    kursor = ulanish.execute(
        "INSERT INTO xarajat (nom, summa, turkum, sana) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)",
        (xarajat["nom"], xarajat["summa"], xarajat["turkum"], xarajat["sana"].isoformat()),
    )
    ulanish.commit()
    return kursor.lastrowid


def hammasi(ulanish):
    qatorlar = ulanish.execute(
        "SELECT nom, summa, turkum, sana FROM xarajat ORDER BY sana, id"
    ).fetchall()
    return [
        {
            "nom": q["nom"],
            "summa": q["summa"],
            "turkum": q["turkum"],
            "sana": date.fromisoformat(q["sana"]),
        }
        for q in qatorlar
    ]

Python

class SmsXabarchi:
    """Haqiqiy xizmat - testda hech qachon chaqirilmasligi kerak."""

    def ogohlantir(self, matn):
        raise RuntimeError("haqiqiy SMS yuborildi")


def oy_yakunini_xabar_qil(xabarchi, jami, chegara, daraja):
    """Faqat sariq va qizil darajada xabar yuboradi."""
    if daraja == "yashil":
        return False
    xabarchi.ogohlantir(
        f"Oylik xarajat {jami} so'm ({chegara} so'mdan {daraja} daraja)"
    )
    return True

Reja #

Piramida bo'yicha yuramiz - pastdan yuqoriga:

Pastdan yuqoriga: har qadam oldingisiga tayanadi

1-qadam: modul testlari #

Avval xarajat_yarat ning xato yo'llari. Ular bir xil shaklda bo'lgani uchun parametrlaymiz (6-bo'lim):

Python

from datetime import date

import pytest

from qoidalar import xarajat_yarat

SANA = date(2026, 3, 15)


def test_togri_xarajat_yaratiladi():
    xarajat = xarajat_yarat("  Non  ", 12_000, "oziq-ovqat", SANA)

    assert xarajat == {
        "nom": "Non",
        "summa": 12_000,
        "turkum": "oziq-ovqat",
        "sana": SANA,
    }


@pytest.mark.parametrize("nom, summa, turkum, kutilgan_xato", [
    ("", 1000, "uy", "nom bo'sh"),
    ("   ", 1000, "uy", "nom bo'sh"),
    ("Non", 0, "uy", "musbat"),
    ("Non", -5, "uy", "musbat"),
    ("Non", 1000, "sayohat", "noma'lum turkum"),
])
def test_notogri_xarajat_xato_beradi(nom, summa, turkum, kutilgan_xato):
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=kutilgan_xato):
        xarajat_yarat(nom, summa, turkum, SANA)


def test_sana_notogri_turda():
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="date turida"):
        xarajat_yarat("Non", 1000, "uy", "2026-03-15")

Terminal

pytest -q -p no:randomly test_qoidalar.py

Natija

.......                                                          [100%]
7 passed in 0.01s

Endi eng muhim qism - chegara qiymatlari. ogohlantirish_darajasi da ikkita chegara bor (70% va 100%), demak har biri uchun uchtadan qiymat sinaladi:

Python

import pytest

from qoidalar import ogohlantirish_darajasi

CHEGARA = 1_000_000


@pytest.mark.parametrize("jami, kutilgan", [
    (0, "yashil"),              # eng past
    (699_999, "yashil"),        # sariqdan bir tiyin past
    (700_000, "sariq"),         # aynan 70%
    (700_001, "sariq"),
    (999_999, "sariq"),         # qizildan bir tiyin past
    (1_000_000, "qizil"),       # aynan 100%
    (1_000_001, "qizil"),
    (50_000_000, "qizil"),      # juda katta
])
def test_daraja_chegaralari(jami, kutilgan):
    assert ogohlantirish_darajasi(jami, CHEGARA) == kutilgan


def test_nol_chegara_xato_beradi():
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="musbat"):
        ogohlantirish_darajasi(100, 0)

Terminal

pytest -q -p no:randomly test_darajalar.py

Natija

.........                                                        [100%]
9 passed in 0.01s

O'nta holat - va ularning to'rttasi aynan chegarada. Agar kimdir >= ni > ga almashtirsa, test darhol aytadi.

Qolgan ikkita funksiya uchun ham testlar yozamiz. Ularga fixture qo'l keladi (7-bo'lim):

Python

from datetime import date

import pytest

from qoidalar import xarajat_yarat


@pytest.fixture
def xarajat_yasa():
    """Fabrika: testda faqat muhim maydonlar ko'rsatiladi."""
    def yasovchi(nom="Non", summa=10_000, turkum="oziq-ovqat", sana=date(2026, 3, 15)):
        return xarajat_yarat(nom, summa, turkum, sana)
    return yasovchi


@pytest.fixture
def mart_xarajatlari(xarajat_yasa):
    return [
        xarajat_yasa(nom="Non", summa=12_000, sana=date(2026, 3, 1)),
        xarajat_yasa(nom="Metro", summa=2_000, turkum="transport", sana=date(2026, 3, 2)),
        xarajat_yasa(nom="Kommunal", summa=450_000, turkum="uy", sana=date(2026, 3, 5)),
        xarajat_yasa(nom="Sut", summa=18_000, sana=date(2026, 3, 20)),
        xarajat_yasa(nom="Fevral noni", summa=9_000, sana=date(2026, 2, 28)),
    ]

Python

from qoidalar import oylik_jami, turkum_boyicha


def test_bosh_royxat_jamisi_nol():
    assert oylik_jami([], 2026, 3) == 0


def test_faqat_kerakli_oy_hisoblanadi(mart_xarajatlari):
    assert oylik_jami(mart_xarajatlari, 2026, 3) == 482_000


def test_boshqa_oy_alohida(mart_xarajatlari):
    assert oylik_jami(mart_xarajatlari, 2026, 2) == 9_000


def test_mavjud_bolmagan_oy(mart_xarajatlari):
    assert oylik_jami(mart_xarajatlari, 2026, 7) == 0


def test_turkumlar_jamlanadi(mart_xarajatlari):
    assert turkum_boyicha(mart_xarajatlari) == {
        "oziq-ovqat": 39_000,
        "transport": 2_000,
        "uy": 450_000,
    }


def test_bosh_turkumlar_qaytarilmaydi(xarajat_yasa):
    natija = turkum_boyicha([xarajat_yasa(turkum="transport")])

    assert list(natija) == ["transport"]

Terminal

pytest -q -p no:randomly test_jamlash.py

Natija

......                                                           [100%]
6 passed in 0.01s

2-qadam: dublyor bilan xabarnoma #

oy_yakunini_xabar_qil tashqi xizmatni chaqiradi. Uni spy bilan almashtiramiz (8-bo'lim):

Python

import pytest

from xabarchi import oy_yakunini_xabar_qil


class SoxtaXabarchi:
    def __init__(self):
        self.xabarlar = []

    def ogohlantir(self, matn):
        self.xabarlar.append(matn)


@pytest.fixture
def xabarchi():
    return SoxtaXabarchi()


def test_yashil_darajada_xabar_ketmaydi(xabarchi):
    yuborildi = oy_yakunini_xabar_qil(xabarchi, 100_000, 1_000_000, "yashil")

    assert yuborildi is False
    assert xabarchi.xabarlar == []


@pytest.mark.parametrize("daraja", ["sariq", "qizil"])
def test_sariq_va_qizil_darajada_xabar_ketadi(xabarchi, daraja):
    yuborildi = oy_yakunini_xabar_qil(xabarchi, 900_000, 1_000_000, daraja)

    assert yuborildi is True
    assert len(xabarchi.xabarlar) == 1


def test_xabar_matnida_summa_bor(xabarchi):
    oy_yakunini_xabar_qil(xabarchi, 900_000, 1_000_000, "sariq")

    assert "900000" in xabarchi.xabarlar[0]
    assert "sariq" in xabarchi.xabarlar[0]

Terminal

pytest -q -p no:randomly test_xabarchi.py

Natija

....                                                             [100%]
4 passed in 0.01s

Diqqat: SmsXabarchi hech qachon yaratilmadi. Agar kod tasodifan haqiqiy xizmatni chaqirsa, u RuntimeError tashlaydi va test yiqiladi - bu ataylab qo'yilgan tuzoq.

3-qadam: integratsiya testlari #

Endi haqiqiy SQLite bilan (11-bo'lim). Fixture conftest.py ga qo'shiladi:

Python

from datetime import date

import pytest

from ombor import sxemani_yarat, ulanish_och
from qoidalar import xarajat_yarat


@pytest.fixture
def xarajat_yasa():
    """Fabrika: testda faqat muhim maydonlar ko'rsatiladi."""
    def yasovchi(nom="Non", summa=10_000, turkum="oziq-ovqat", sana=date(2026, 3, 15)):
        return xarajat_yarat(nom, summa, turkum, sana)
    return yasovchi


@pytest.fixture
def mart_xarajatlari(xarajat_yasa):
    return [
        xarajat_yasa(nom="Non", summa=12_000, sana=date(2026, 3, 1)),
        xarajat_yasa(nom="Metro", summa=2_000, turkum="transport", sana=date(2026, 3, 2)),
        xarajat_yasa(nom="Kommunal", summa=450_000, turkum="uy", sana=date(2026, 3, 5)),
        xarajat_yasa(nom="Sut", summa=18_000, sana=date(2026, 3, 20)),
        xarajat_yasa(nom="Fevral noni", summa=9_000, sana=date(2026, 2, 28)),
    ]


@pytest.fixture
def ulanish():
    aloqa = ulanish_och(":memory:")
    sxemani_yarat(aloqa)
    yield aloqa
    aloqa.close()

Python

from datetime import date

from ombor import hammasi, saqla
from qoidalar import oylik_jami


def test_yangi_baza_bosh(ulanish):
    assert hammasi(ulanish) == []


def test_saqlangan_xarajat_ozi_qaytadi(ulanish, xarajat_yasa):
    xarajat = xarajat_yasa(nom="Non", summa=12_000)

    saqla(ulanish, xarajat)

    assert hammasi(ulanish) == [xarajat]


def test_sana_turi_saqlanadi(ulanish, xarajat_yasa):
    saqla(ulanish, xarajat_yasa(sana=date(2026, 3, 15)))

    olingan = hammasi(ulanish)[0]

    assert olingan["sana"] == date(2026, 3, 15)
    assert isinstance(olingan["sana"], date)


def test_natija_sana_boyicha_tartiblanadi(ulanish, mart_xarajatlari):
    for xarajat in mart_xarajatlari:
        saqla(ulanish, xarajat)

    sanalar = [x["sana"] for x in hammasi(ulanish)]

    assert sanalar == sorted(sanalar)


def test_bazadan_oqib_jami_hisoblanadi(ulanish, mart_xarajatlari):
    for xarajat in mart_xarajatlari:
        saqla(ulanish, xarajat)

    assert oylik_jami(hammasi(ulanish), 2026, 3) == 482_000

Terminal

pytest -q -p no:randomly test_ombor.py

Natija

.....                                                            [100%]
5 passed in 0.01s

Uchinchi test alohida muhim: SQLite sanani matn sifatida saqlaydi, shuning uchun uni date ga qaytarish kodda qilinadi. Bu aynan modul testi ko'ra olmaydigan xato turi.

4-qadam: API testlari #

Python

from datetime import date

from flask import Flask, jsonify, request

from ombor import hammasi, saqla, sxemani_yarat, ulanish_och
from qoidalar import OYLIK_CHEGARA, ogohlantirish_darajasi, oylik_jami, xarajat_yarat


def ilova_yarat(ulanish=None):
    app = Flask(__name__)
    if ulanish is None:
        ulanish = ulanish_och(":memory:")
        sxemani_yarat(ulanish)
    app.config["ULANISH"] = ulanish

    @app.get("/xarajatlar")
    def royxat():
        xarajatlar = hammasi(app.config["ULANISH"])
        return jsonify([
            {**x, "sana": x["sana"].isoformat()} for x in xarajatlar
        ])

    @app.post("/xarajatlar")
    def qosh():
        malumot = request.get_json(silent=True) or {}
        try:
            xarajat = xarajat_yarat(
                malumot.get("nom", ""),
                malumot.get("summa", 0),
                malumot.get("turkum", ""),
                date.fromisoformat(malumot.get("sana", "")),
            )
        except ValueError as xato:
            return jsonify({"xato": str(xato)}), 400
        yozuv_id = saqla(app.config["ULANISH"], xarajat)
        return jsonify({"id": yozuv_id}), 201

    @app.get("/hisobot/<int:yil>/<int:oy>")
    def hisobot(yil, oy):
        jami = oylik_jami(hammasi(app.config["ULANISH"]), yil, oy)
        return jsonify({
            "yil": yil,
            "oy": oy,
            "jami": jami,
            "daraja": ogohlantirish_darajasi(jami, OYLIK_CHEGARA),
        })

    return app

Terminal

pip install flask

Natija

Collecting flask
  Downloading flask-3.1.3-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (3.2 kB)
Collecting blinker>=1.9.0 (from flask)
  Downloading blinker-1.9.0-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (1.6 kB)
Collecting click>=8.1.3 (from flask)
  Downloading click-8.5.0-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (2.6 kB)
Collecting itsdangerous>=2.2.0 (from flask)
  Downloading itsdangerous-2.2.0-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (1.9 kB)
Collecting jinja2>=3.1.2 (from flask)
  Downloading jinja2-3.1.6-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (2.9 kB)
Collecting markupsafe>=2.1.1 (from flask)
  Downloading markupsafe-3.0.3-cp313-cp313-manylinux2014_x86_64.manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl.metadata (2.7 kB)
Collecting werkzeug>=3.1.0 (from flask)
  Downloading werkzeug-3.1.8-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (4.0 kB)
Downloading flask-3.1.3-py3-none-any.whl (103 kB)
Downloading blinker-1.9.0-py3-none-any.whl (8.5 kB)
Downloading click-8.5.0-py3-none-any.whl (125 kB)
Downloading itsdangerous-2.2.0-py3-none-any.whl (16 kB)
Downloading jinja2-3.1.6-py3-none-any.whl (134 kB)
Downloading markupsafe-3.0.3-cp313-cp313-manylinux2014_x86_64.manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl (22 kB)
Downloading werkzeug-3.1.8-py3-none-any.whl (226 kB)
Installing collected packages: markupsafe, itsdangerous, click, blinker, werkzeug, jinja2, flask

Successfully installed blinker-1.9.0 click-8.5.0 flask-3.1.3 itsdangerous-2.2.0 jinja2-3.1.6 markupsafe-3.0.3 werkzeug-3.1.8

Test mijozi uchun fixture qo'shamiz (12-bo'lim):

Python

import pytest

from ilova import ilova_yarat


@pytest.fixture
def mijoz(ulanish):
    app = ilova_yarat(ulanish)
    app.config["TESTING"] = True
    with app.test_client() as c:
        yield c


def test_bosh_royxat(mijoz):
    javob = mijoz.get("/xarajatlar")

    assert javob.status_code == 200
    assert javob.get_json() == []


def test_xarajat_qoshiladi(mijoz):
    javob = mijoz.post("/xarajatlar", json={
        "nom": "Non", "summa": 12_000,
        "turkum": "oziq-ovqat", "sana": "2026-03-01",
    })

    assert javob.status_code == 201
    assert javob.get_json() == {"id": 1}


def test_qoshilgan_xarajat_royxatda(mijoz):
    mijoz.post("/xarajatlar", json={
        "nom": "Non", "summa": 12_000,
        "turkum": "oziq-ovqat", "sana": "2026-03-01",
    })

    javob = mijoz.get("/xarajatlar")

    assert javob.get_json() == [{
        "nom": "Non", "summa": 12_000,
        "turkum": "oziq-ovqat", "sana": "2026-03-01",
    }]


@pytest.mark.parametrize("tana", [
    {},
    {"nom": "", "summa": 1000, "turkum": "uy", "sana": "2026-03-01"},
    {"nom": "Non", "summa": -1, "turkum": "uy", "sana": "2026-03-01"},
    {"nom": "Non", "summa": 1000, "turkum": "sayohat", "sana": "2026-03-01"},
])
def test_notogri_malumot_400_beradi(mijoz, tana):
    javob = mijoz.post("/xarajatlar", json=tana)

    assert javob.status_code == 400
    assert "xato" in javob.get_json()


def test_bosh_oy_hisoboti(mijoz):
    javob = mijoz.get("/hisobot/2026/3")

    assert javob.status_code == 200
    assert javob.get_json() == {"yil": 2026, "oy": 3, "jami": 0, "daraja": "yashil"}


def test_hisobot_darajani_hisoblaydi(mijoz):
    mijoz.post("/xarajatlar", json={
        "nom": "Ijara", "summa": 2_500_000,
        "turkum": "uy", "sana": "2026-03-01",
    })

    javob = mijoz.get("/hisobot/2026/3")

    assert javob.get_json()["jami"] == 2_500_000
    assert javob.get_json()["daraja"] == "sariq"

Terminal

pytest -q -p no:randomly test_ilova.py

Natija

.........                                                        [100%]
9 passed in 0.13s

5-qadam: qoplamani tekshirish #

Hamma testni birga ishga tushirib, qoplamani o'lchaymiz (14-bo'lim):

Terminal

pip install pytest-cov

Natija

Collecting pytest-cov
  Downloading pytest_cov-7.1.0-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (32 kB)
Collecting coverage>=7.10.6 (from coverage[toml]>=7.10.6->pytest-cov)
  Downloading coverage-7.16.1-cp313-cp313-manylinux1_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.manylinux_2_5_x86_64.whl.metadata (8.2 kB)
Requirement already satisfied: pluggy>=1.2 in ./.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages (from pytest-cov) (1.6.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pytest>=7 in ./.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages (from pytest-cov) (9.1.1)
Requirement already satisfied: iniconfig>=1.0.1 in ./.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages (from pytest>=7->pytest-cov) (2.3.0)
Requirement already satisfied: packaging>=22 in ./.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages (from pytest>=7->pytest-cov) (26.3)
Requirement already satisfied: pygments>=2.7.2 in ./.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages (from pytest>=7->pytest-cov) (2.21.0)
Downloading pytest_cov-7.1.0-py3-none-any.whl (22 kB)
Downloading coverage-7.16.1-cp313-cp313-manylinux1_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.manylinux_2_5_x86_64.whl (257 kB)
Installing collected packages: coverage, pytest-cov

Successfully installed coverage-7.16.1 pytest-cov-7.1.0

INI

[run]
branch = True
omit =
    */.venv/*
    test_*.py
    conftest.py

Terminal

pytest -q -p no:randomly --cov=. --cov-report=term-missing

Natija

........................................                         [100%]
============================ tests coverage ============================
___________ coverage: platform linux, python 3.13.12-final-0 ___________

Name          Stmts   Miss Branch BrPart  Cover   Missing
---------------------------------------------------------
ilova.py         28      2      2      1    90%   12-13
ombor.py         16      0      0      0   100%
qoidalar.py      29      0     16      0   100%
xabarchi.py       8      1      2      0    90%   5
---------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL            81      3     20      1    96%
40 passed in 0.28s

Ikkita teshik ko'rindi:

xabarchi.py:5 - SmsXabarchi.ogohlantir. U hech qachon chaqirilmagan va bu to'g'ri: biz uni ataylab chaqirmayapmiz.
ilova.py:12-13 - ilova_yarat ga ulanish berilmagan hol. Testda biz har doim o'z ulanishimizni beramiz, shuning uchun sukut yo'l sinalmagan.

Ikkinchisi haqiqiy teshik: dastur ishga tushganda aynan shu qatorlar bajariladi. Uni yopish uchun bitta test yetadi - keyingi topshiriqda shuni yozasiz.

Birinchisini esa qoplamadan chiqarish to'g'riroq.

Bunday qatorlarni pragma: no cover bilan belgilash mumkin:

Python

class SmsXabarchi:
    """Haqiqiy xizmat - testda hech qachon chaqirilmasligi kerak."""

    def ogohlantir(self, matn):   # pragma: no cover
        raise RuntimeError("haqiqiy SMS yuborildi")


def oy_yakunini_xabar_qil(xabarchi, jami, chegara, daraja):
    """Faqat sariq va qizil darajada xabar yuboradi."""
    if daraja == "yashil":
        return False
    xabarchi.ogohlantir(
        f"Oylik xarajat {jami} so'm ({chegara} so'mdan {daraja} daraja)"
    )
    return True

INI

[run]
branch = True
omit =
    */.venv/*
    test_*.py
    conftest.py

[report]
exclude_lines =
    pragma: no cover
    if __name__ == .__main__.:

Terminal

pytest -q -p no:randomly --cov=. --cov-report=term-missing

Natija

........................................                         [100%]
============================ tests coverage ============================
___________ coverage: platform linux, python 3.13.12-final-0 ___________

Name          Stmts   Miss Branch BrPart  Cover   Missing
---------------------------------------------------------
ilova.py         28      2      2      1    90%   12-13
ombor.py         16      0      0      0   100%
qoidalar.py      29      0     16      0   100%
xabarchi.py       6      0      2      0   100%
---------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL            79      2     20      1    97%
40 passed in 0.27s

pragma: no cover - ehtiyotkorlik bilan

Bu belgi qatorni qoplamadan chiqaradi, ya'ni hisobotni go'zallashtiradi. Uni faqat haqiqatan testlanmasligi kerak bo'lgan kodga qo'ying:

ishlab chiqarishdagi tashqi xizmat chaqiruvi;
if __name__ == "__main__" bloki;
himoya uchun yozilgan, hech qachon yuz bermasligi kerak bo'lgan tarmoq.

Agar uni "test yozishga vaqtim yo'q" degan sabab bilan qo'ysangiz, qoplama hisoboti yolg'on gapira boshlaydi.

6-qadam: belgilar va CI #

Oxirgi qadam - to'plamni quvurga ulash (19-bo'lim):

INI

[pytest]
addopts = -ra --strict-markers
markers =
    integratsiya: ma'lumotlar bazasi talab qiladi
    sekin: sekin ishlaydigan testlar

--strict-markers - e'lon qilinmagan belgi ishlatilsa, pytest xato beradi. Bu imlo xatosidan himoya qiladi.

YAML

name: Testlar

on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  testlar:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
        with:
          python-version: "3.13"
          cache: pip
      - run: pip install pytest pytest-cov flask
      - run: pytest --cov=. --cov-report=term-missing --junitxml=natija.xml
      - if: always()
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: natija
          path: natija.xml

To'plamning yakuniy holati:

Terminal

pytest -p no:randomly --collect-only -q | tail -3

Natija

test_xabarchi.py::test_xabar_matnida_summa_bor

40 tests collected in 0.09s

Terminal

pytest -q -p no:randomly

Natija

........................................                         [100%]
40 passed in 0.15s

Nimaga erishdik #

Daraja	Testlar	Nimani qo'riqlaydi
Modul	Qoidalar, chegaralar, xato holatlari	Hisob-kitob mantig'i
Dublyor	Xabarnoma shartlari	Tashqi xizmat chaqiruvi
Integratsiya	SQLite bilan aylanma yo'l	SQL va tur o'girish
API	Holat kodlari, JSON, xatolar	Shartnoma

Va eng muhimi - bu to'plam tez. U har kommitda ishlaydi, demak u haqiqatan foyda beradi.

Loyihangizda qayerdan boshlash kerak

Testi yo'q loyihaga bir kunda to'liq to'plam qurib bo'lmaydi. Tartib shunday:

Eng qimmat mantiqdan boshlang - pul, ruxsat, hisob-kitob.
Har nosozlikdan oldin uni ko'rsatadigan test yozing (1-bo'lim).
Yangi kod testsiz kirmasin - bu eng arzon qoida.
Qoplamaning tushishini kuzating, darajasini emas.
Eski kodga xarakteristik test bilan yaqinlashing (16-bo'lim).

Bir necha oydan keyin to'plam o'z-o'zidan paydo bo'ladi.

Amaliy topshiriq

Uchta modulni yozib, modul testlarini ishga tushiring.
ogohlantirish_darajasi da >= ni > ga almashtiring - nechta test yiqildi?
Yangi turkum qo'shing va unga test yozing.
Dublyor testlariga uchinchi holat qo'shing: chegara aynan 100%.
Integratsiya testlarida ORDER BY ni olib tashlang - qaysi test yiqiladi?
API ga DELETE /xarajatlar/<id> qo'shing va unga to'rtta test yozing.
ilova_yarat() ni ulanishsiz chaqiradigan test yozib, qolgan teshikni yoping.
--cov-branch ni yoqib, farqni solishtiring.
Integratsiya testlariga integratsiya belgisini qo'ying va -m "not integratsiya" ni sinang.
O'z loyihangizni tanlab, shu tartibda birinchi beshta testni yozing.

Xulosa #

To'plam piramida bo'yicha pastdan yuqoriga quriladi: modul, dublyor, integratsiya, API.
Bir xil shakldagi xato holatlari parametrize bilan bitta testga jamlanadi.
Ikkita chegarasi bor funksiyaga oltitadan kam bo'lmagan chegara testi kerak.
Fabrika fixture testda faqat muhim maydonni ko'rsatish imkonini beradi.
Haqiqiy tashqi xizmat testda chaqirilsa istisno tashlasin - bu ataylab qo'yilgan tuzoq.
SQLite sanani matn sifatida saqlaydi; tur o'girishni faqat integratsiya testi tekshiradi.
Bo'sh baza va bo'sh ro'yxat testlari izolyatsiya ishlayotganini tasdiqlaydi.
API testida holat kodi ham, tananing butun tarkibi ham tekshiriladi.
Ilova bog'liqlikni (ulanishni) tashqaridan olsa, uni testda almashtirish oson bo'ladi.
.coveragerc sozlamalarni bir joyda saqlaydi va test fayllarini hisobdan chiqaradi.
pragma: no cover faqat haqiqatan testlanmasligi kerak bo'lgan kodga qo'yiladi.
--strict-markers e'lon qilinmagan belgidagi imlo xatosidan himoya qiladi.
Tez to'plam har kommitda ishlaydi - va faqat shunda u haqiqatan foyda beradi.
Mavjud loyihada eng qimmat mantiqdan boshlang va yangi kodni testsiz kiritmang.
Bir necha oy davomida shu qoidaga amal qilsangiz, to'plam o'z-o'zidan paydo bo'ladi.

Darslik shu yerda tugadi. Endi eng muhim qadam qoldi: o'z loyihangizni ochib, birinchi testni yozing.

Loyiha bilan tanishish #

Reja #

1-qadam: modul testlari #

2-qadam: dublyor bilan xabarnoma #

3-qadam: integratsiya testlari #

4-qadam: API testlari #

5-qadam: qoplamani tekshirish #

6-qadam: belgilar va CI #

Nimaga erishdik #

Xulosa #

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