Yuklanish jarayoni va init tizimi

[ -d /sys/firmware/efi ] && echo "UEFI" || echo "BIOS"

UEFI

sudo efibootmgr

BootCurrent: 0001
BootOrder: 0001,0000,2001
Boot0000* Windows Boot Manager
Boot0001* ubuntu
Boot2001* EFI USB Device

lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,FSTYPE,MOUNTPOINT

NAME   SIZE FSTYPE MOUNTPOINT
nvme0n1 476G
├─p1    512M vfat   /boot/efi
├─p2      1G ext4   /boot
└─p3    474G LVM2_member

cat /proc/cmdline

BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-6.8.0-45-generic root=UUID=a1b2c3d4 ro quiet splash

lsinitramfs /boot/initrd.img-$(uname -r) | head -12

.
bin
conf
etc
init
lib
scripts
usr/lib/modules/6.8.0-45-generic/kernel/drivers/md/raid1.ko
usr/lib/modules/6.8.0-45-generic/kernel/drivers/scsi/sd_mod.ko
usr/lib/modules/6.8.0-45-generic/kernel/fs/ext4/ext4.ko

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int main(void) {
    pid_t ozim = getpid();
    pid_t ota = getppid();

    printf("Bizning PID     : %s\n", ozim == 1 ? "1 - biz init miz" : "1 emas");
    printf("Otamiz bormi?   : %s\n", ota > 0 ? "ha" : "yo'q");
    printf("Ota PID 1 mi?   : %s\n",
           ota == 1 ? "ha - to'g'ridan-to'g'ri init dan" : "yo'q");

    printf("\nPID 1 ning maxsus xossalari:\n");
    printf("  - Uni o'ldirib bo'lmaydi (yadro panic beradi)\n");
    printf("  - Yetim jarayonlar unga meros qoladi\n");
    printf("  - U zombi jarayonlarni yig'ishi shart\n");
    printf("  - Odatiy signal ta'siri unga qo'llanmaydi\n");

    return 0;
}

ps -p 1 -o pid,comm,args

    PID COMMAND         COMMAND
      1 systemd         /sbin/init splash

systemctl list-units --type=service --state=running | head -6

UNIT                     LOAD   ACTIVE SUB     DESCRIPTION
cron.service             loaded active running Regular background program
dbus.service             loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
nginx.service            loaded active running A high performance web server
ssh.service              loaded active running OpenBSD Secure Shell server
systemd-journald.service loaded active running Journal Service

[Unit]
Description=Mening veb xizmatim
After=network.target
Requires=postgresql.service

[Service]
Type=notify
User=veb
Group=veb
WorkingDirectory=/opt/mening-xizmatim
ExecStart=/opt/mening-xizmatim/server
ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5

# Xavfsizlik cheklovlari
NoNewPrivileges=true
PrivateTmp=true
ProtectSystem=strict
ProtectHome=true
ReadWritePaths=/var/lib/mening-xizmatim
AmbientCapabilities=CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable --now mening-xizmatim
systemctl status mening-xizmatim

systemd-analyze

Startup finished in 4.812s (firmware) + 2.104s (loader) + 3.284s (kernel)
+ 8.412s (userspace) = 18.613s
graphical.target reached after 8.401s in userspace

systemd-analyze blame | head -6

4.821s NetworkManager-wait-online.service
2.104s snapd.service
1.284s docker.service
 892ms systemd-journal-flush.service
 621ms [email protected]

systemd-analyze critical-chain

graphical.target @8.401s
└─multi-user.target @8.398s
  └─docker.service @7.112s +1.284s
    └─network-online.target @7.108s
      └─NetworkManager-wait-online.service @2.284s +4.821s

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

/* An'anaviy daemon yaratish - klassik ikki fork usuli */
static int daemonlashtirish(void) {
    pid_t birinchi = fork();

    if (birinchi < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (birinchi > 0) {
        _exit(0);                  /* ota chiqadi - bola yetim bo'ladi */
    }

    /* Yangi sessiya - terminaldan uziladi */
    if (setsid() < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    /* Ikkinchi fork - endi terminal ola olmaymiz */
    pid_t ikkinchi = fork();

    if (ikkinchi < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (ikkinchi > 0) {
        _exit(0);
    }

    umask(0);
    if (chdir("/") < 0) {          /* ulangan diskni band qilmaslik */
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

int main(void) {
    printf("Daemon yaratish bosqichlari:\n");
    printf("  1. fork  - ota chiqadi, bola yetim bo'ladi\n");
    printf("  2. setsid - yangi sessiya, terminaldan uzilish\n");
    printf("  3. fork  - sessiya yetakchisi bo'lmaslik\n");
    printf("  4. umask(0) - huquqlarni to'liq nazorat qilish\n");
    printf("  5. chdir(\"/\") - ulangan diskni bo'shatish\n");
    printf("  6. 0,1,2 ni /dev/null ga yo'naltirish\n");

    /* Funksiya ishlatilganini kompilyatorga bildiramiz */
    printf("\nFunksiya mavjudmi? %s\n",
           daemonlashtirish != NULL ? "ha" : "yo'q");

    printf("\nsystemd bilan bularning hech biri KERAK EMAS\n");
    printf("Type=simple bilan oddiy dastur yozing\n");

    return 0;
}

journalctl -b -p err

sen 09 08:14:22 husanboy-pc kernel: ACPI Error: No handler for Region
sen 09 08:14:31 husanboy-pc bluetoothd[891]: Failed to set mode: Blocked

dmesg -T | tail -3

[Mon Sep  9 08:14:18 2026] EXT4-fs (nvme0n1p3): mounted filesystem
[Mon Sep  9 08:14:19 2026] systemd[1]: systemd 255 running in system mode
[Mon Sep  9 08:14:22 2026] nvidia: loading out-of-tree module