Fayl tizimining ichki tuzilishi

sudo dumpe2fs -h /dev/sda1

Filesystem volume name:   <none>
Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr dir_index extent 64bit
Filesystem state:         clean
Inode count:              6553600
Block count:              26214400
Free blocks:              14829213
Free inodes:              6098442
First block:              0
Block size:               4096
Inode size:               256
Journal size:             1024M

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    FILE *f = fopen("inode_sinov.txt", "w");

    if (f == NULL) {
        return 1;
    }

    fputs("salom", f);
    fclose(f);

    struct stat h;
    stat("inode_sinov.txt", &h);

    printf("inode raqami   : %s\n", h.st_ino > 0 ? "mavjud" : "yo'q");
    printf("Havolalar      : %ld\n", (long) h.st_nlink);
    printf("Hajm           : %ld bayt\n", (long) h.st_size);
    printf("Blok hajmi     : %ld bayt\n", (long) h.st_blksize);
    printf("Egallagan blok : %ld (512 baytli)\n", (long) h.st_blocks);

    /* Ikkinchi nom qo'shamiz */
    link("inode_sinov.txt", "ikkinchi_nom.txt");
    stat("inode_sinov.txt", &h);

    printf("\nQattiq havoladan keyin:\n");
    printf("Havolalar      : %ld\n", (long) h.st_nlink);
    printf("Hajm o'zgardimi? %s\n", h.st_size == 5 ? "yo'q" : "ha");

    unlink("ikkinchi_nom.txt");
    unlink("inode_sinov.txt");

    return 0;
}

ls -li

4521234 -rw-r--r-- 2 husanboy husanboy 5 sen  9 10:22 ikkinchi_nom.txt
4521234 -rw-r--r-- 2 husanboy husanboy 5 sen  9 10:22 inode_sinov.txt

#include <stdio.h>

#define BLOK        4096
#define MANZIL       4                  /* bitta manzil 4 bayt */
#define TOGRI       12

int main(void) {
    long manzil_blokda = BLOK / MANZIL;          /* 1024 */

    long togri = (long) TOGRI * BLOK;
    long bir = manzil_blokda * BLOK;
    long ikki = manzil_blokda * manzil_blokda * BLOK;
    long uch = manzil_blokda * manzil_blokda * manzil_blokda * BLOK;

    printf("Bitta blokda %ld ta manzil sig'adi\n\n", manzil_blokda);

    printf("To'g'ridan-to'g'ri : %8ld KB\n", togri / 1024);
    printf("1-bilvosita        : %8ld KB\n", bir / 1024);
    printf("2-bilvosita        : %8ld MB\n", ikki / (1024 * 1024));
    printf("3-bilvosita        : %8ld GB\n", uch / (1024 * 1024 * 1024));

    long jami = togri + bir + ikki + uch;
    printf("\nMaksimal fayl hajmi: %ld GB\n", jami / (1024 * 1024 * 1024));

    /* Katta faylning oxirgi bloki uchun nechta o'qish kerak? */
    printf("\n48 KB gacha fayl uchun o'qish: 1 ta (inode dagi manzil)\n");
    printf("4 TB fayl oxiri uchun o'qish : 4 ta (3 bilvosita + blok)\n");

    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

typedef struct {
    long boshlanish;               /* birinchi blok raqami */
    long uzunlik;                  /* nechta ketma-ket blok */
} Ekstent;

int main(void) {
    /* 1 GB lik fayl, 4 KB bloklar = 262144 blok */
    long bloklar = 262144;

    /* Bilvosita usulda har bir blok uchun alohida manzil */
    long bilvosita_manzillar = bloklar;
    long bilvosita_bayt = bilvosita_manzillar * 4;

    /* Ekstent usulida: fayl 3 bo'lakda joylashgan bo'lsin */
    Ekstent ekstentlar[3] = {
        { 100000, 131072 },
        { 400000,  65536 },
        { 700000,  65536 }
    };

    long ekstent_bayt = 3 * sizeof(Ekstent);
    long jami = 0;

    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
        jami += ekstentlar[i].uzunlik;
    }

    printf("1 GB fayl = %ld ta blok\n\n", bloklar);
    printf("Bilvosita usul : %ld ta manzil = %ld KB meta-ma'lumot\n",
           bilvosita_manzillar, bilvosita_bayt / 1024);
    printf("Ekstent usuli  : 3 ta yozuv = %ld bayt meta-ma'lumot\n",
           ekstent_bayt);

    printf("\nEkstent bilan qamralgan bloklar: %ld\n", jami);
    printf("Hammasi qamraldimi? %s\n", jami == bloklar ? "ha" : "yo'q");
    printf("Meta-ma'lumot necha barobar kam? %ld\n",
           bilvosita_bayt / ekstent_bayt);

    return 0;
}

mount | grep " / "

/dev/sda1 on / type ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro)

sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 | grep -i journal

Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index
Journal inode:            8
Journal backup:           inode blocks

df -Th

Filesystem     Type   Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1      ext4   100G   42G   53G  45% /
/dev/sda2      vfat   512M  6.1M  506M   2% /boot/efi
tmpfs          tmpfs  7.8G   84M  7.7G   2% /dev/shm

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    /* 100 GB disk, 4 KB bloklar */
    long disk_gb = 100;
    long blok = 4096;
    long bloklar = disk_gb * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 / blok;

    /* ext4 odatda har 16 KB ga bitta inode ajratadi */
    long inodelar = disk_gb * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 / (16 * 1024);

    printf("Disk hajmi   : %ld GB\n", disk_gb);
    printf("Bloklar soni : %ld\n", bloklar);
    printf("inode lar    : %ld\n\n", inodelar);

    /* Agar hamma fayl 1 KB bo'lsa nima bo'ladi? */
    long mayda_fayllar = inodelar;
    long ishlatilgan_gb = mayda_fayllar * blok / (1024 * 1024 * 1024);

    printf("Agar barcha fayl 1 KB bo'lsa:\n");
    printf("  Sig'adigan fayl soni : %ld ta\n", mayda_fayllar);
    printf("  Egallangan disk      : %ld GB\n", ishlatilgan_gb);
    printf("  Disk to'ladimi?      : %s\n",
           ishlatilgan_gb >= disk_gb ? "ha" : "yo'q - inode tugadi!");

    return 0;
}

sudo umount /dev/sdb1
sudo fsck.ext4 -f /dev/sdb1

e2fsck 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/sdb1: 11/65536 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 8896/262144 blocks